diff --git a/markbase-core/Cargo.toml b/markbase-core/Cargo.toml
index aaef5b8..8440085 100644
--- a/markbase-core/Cargo.toml
+++ b/markbase-core/Cargo.toml
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ chacha20poly1305 = "0.10"  # Phase 5: ChaCha20-Poly1305 AEAD（备用）
 nix = { version = "0.29", features = ["poll", "fs"] }  # Phase 14: OpenSSH风格的poll()和非阻塞I/O（fs feature包含fcntl）
 rusty-s3 = "0.10"     # S3 API 签名（AWS Signature V4）
 ureq = "2.12"          # 輕量同步 HTTP 客戶端
+reqwest = { version = "0.12", optional = true }  # Async HTTP client for AsyncS3Vfs
 rayon = "1.10"          # Phase 4: 并行加密
 url = "2"              # URL 解析（rusty-s3 依賴）
 
@@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3", features = ["env-filter", "json"] }
 default = []                          # 默认不启用可选格式
 optional-formats = ["unrar", "xz2", "sevenz-rust"]  # 争议格式可选启用
 smb-server = ["dep:smb-server"]       # SMB server feature flag
-async-vfs = []                        # Async VfsBackend trait (Phase 1 - design only)
+async-vfs = ["dep:reqwest"]           # Async VfsBackend trait + native async S3
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 # tempfile moved to dependencies (needed for archive extraction)
diff --git a/markbase-core/src/vfs/async_s3_fs.rs b/markbase-core/src/vfs/async_s3_fs.rs
index c4d5df6..fed937d 100644
--- a/markbase-core/src/vfs/async_s3_fs.rs
+++ b/markbase-core/src/vfs/async_s3_fs.rs
@@ -1,160 +1,41 @@
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::pin::Pin;
 use std::future::Future;
-use std::io::{self, SeekFrom, Read, Write};
+use std::io::{SeekFrom};
 use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
 
-use tokio::task::spawn_blocking;
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
+use reqwest::Client;
+use rusty_s3::{Bucket, Credentials, S3Action, actions, UrlStyle};
+use url::Url;
 
-use super::{VfsError, VfsStat, VfsDirEntry, open_flags::OpenFlags, s3_fs::S3Vfs, VfsBackend};
+use super::{VfsError, VfsStat, VfsDirEntry, open_flags::OpenFlags};
 
-/// Async S3 VFS 文件實現（spawn_blocking 包装）
-pub struct AsyncS3File {
-    inner: Arc<Mutex<S3FileState>>,
-}
-
-enum S3FileState {
-    Read { vfs: S3Vfs, key: String, position: u64, size: u64, data: Vec<u8> },
-    Write { vfs: S3Vfs, key: String, buffer: Vec<u8> },
-}
-
-impl AsyncS3File {
-    pub async fn new_read(vfs: S3Vfs, key: String) -> Result<Self, VfsError> {
-        let stat = spawn_blocking({
-            let vfs = vfs.clone();
-            let key = key.clone();
-            move || VfsBackend::stat(&vfs, &PathBuf::from(&key))
-        }).await.map_err(|_| VfsError::Io("spawn_blocking failed".to_string()))??;
-        
-        Ok(Self {
-            inner: Arc::new(Mutex::new(S3FileState::Read {
-                vfs, key, position: 0, size: stat.size, data: Vec::new(),
-            })),
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub fn new_write(vfs: S3Vfs, key: String) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            inner: Arc::new(Mutex::new(S3FileState::Write {
-                vfs, key, buffer: Vec::new(),
-            })),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl super::AsyncVfsFile for AsyncS3File {
-    fn read<'a>(&'a mut self, buf: &'a mut [u8]) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<usize, VfsError>> + Send + 'a>> {
-        let inner = self.inner.clone();
-        let buf_len = buf.len();
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            let mut state = inner.lock().await;
-            match &mut *state {
-                S3FileState::Read { vfs, key, position, size, data } => {
-                    if *position >= *size {
-                        return Ok(0);
-                    }
-                    
-                    // Load data if needed
-                    if data.is_empty() {
-                        let vfs_clone = vfs.clone();
-                        let key_clone = key.clone();
-                        let loaded_data = spawn_blocking(move || {
-                            let flags = OpenFlags::new().read();
-                            let mut file = VfsBackend::open_file(&vfs_clone, &PathBuf::from(&key_clone), &flags)?;
-                            let mut buf = Vec::new();
-                            let mut chunk = [0u8; 8192];
-                            loop {
-                                match file.read(&mut chunk) {
-                                    Ok(0) => break,
-                                    Ok(n) => buf.extend_from_slice(&chunk[..n]),
-                                    Err(e) => return Err(e),
-                                }
-                            }
-                            Ok(buf)
-                        }).await.map_err(|_| VfsError::Io("spawn_blocking failed".to_string()))??;
-                        *data = loaded_data;
-                    }
-                    
-                    let remaining = *size - *position;
-                    let to_read = buf_len.min(remaining as usize);
-                    let start = *position as usize;
-                    let end = start + to_read;
-                    
-                    buf[..to_read].copy_from_slice(&data[start..end]);
-                    *position += to_read as u64;
-                    Ok(to_read)
-                }
-                _ => Err(VfsError::Io("File not open for read".to_string())),
-            }
-        })
-    }
-
-    fn write<'a>(&'a mut self, buf: &'a [u8]) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<usize, VfsError>> + Send + 'a>> {
-        let inner = self.inner.clone();
-        let buf_copy = buf.to_vec();
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            let mut state = inner.lock().await;
-            match &mut *state {
-                S3FileState::Write { buffer, .. } => {
-                    buffer.extend_from_slice(&buf_copy);
-                    Ok(buf_copy.len())
-                }
-                _ => Err(VfsError::Io("File not open for write".to_string())),
-            }
-        })
-    }
-
-    fn seek<'a>(&'a mut self, pos: SeekFrom) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<u64, VfsError>> + Send + 'a>> {
-        let inner = self.inner.clone();
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            let mut state = inner.lock().await;
-            match &mut *state {
-                S3FileState::Read { position, size, .. } => {
-                    let new_pos = match pos {
-                        SeekFrom::Start(offset) => offset,
-                        SeekFrom::Current(offset) => {
-                            ((*position as i64) + offset).max(0) as u64
-                        }
-                        SeekFrom::End(offset) => {
-                            ((*size as i64) + offset).max(0) as u64
-                        }
-                    };
-                    *position = new_pos.min(*size);
-                    Ok(*position)
-                }
-                _ => Err(VfsError::Io("File not open for read".to_string())),
-            }
-        })
-    }
-
-    fn flush<'a>(&'a mut self) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<(), VfsError>> + Send + 'a>> {
-        let inner = self.inner.clone();
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            let mut state = inner.lock().await;
-            match &mut *state {
-                S3FileState::Write { vfs, key, buffer } => {
-                    let vfs_clone = vfs.clone();
-                    let key_clone = key.clone();
-                    let data = buffer.clone();
-                    
-                    spawn_blocking(move || {
-                        let flags = OpenFlags::new().write().create().truncate().mode(0o644);
-                        let mut file = VfsBackend::open_file(&vfs_clone, &PathBuf::from(&key_clone), &flags)?;
-                        file.write_all(&data)?;
-                        file.flush()?;
-                        Ok(())
-                    }).await.map_err(|_| VfsError::Io("spawn_blocking failed".to_string()))?
-                }
-                _ => Ok(()),
-            }
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-/// Async S3 VFS 后端實現（spawn_blocking 包装 S3Vfs）
 pub struct AsyncS3Vfs {
-    inner: S3Vfs,
+    bucket: Bucket,
+    credentials: Credentials,
+    client: Client,
+}
+
+struct AsyncS3FileState {
+    key: String,
+    mode: FileMode,
+    position: u64,
+    size: u64,
+    data: Vec<u8>,
+    write_buffer: Vec<u8>,
+    mtime: std::time::SystemTime,
+}
+
+enum FileMode {
+    Read,
+    Write,
+}
+
+pub struct AsyncS3File {
+    inner: Arc<Mutex<AsyncS3FileState>>,
+    vfs: AsyncS3Vfs,
 }
 
 impl AsyncS3Vfs {
@@ -165,14 +46,313 @@ impl AsyncS3Vfs {
         access_key: &str,
         secret_key: &str,
     ) -> Result<Self, VfsError> {
-        let inner = S3Vfs::new(endpoint, region, bucket_name, access_key, secret_key)?;
-        Ok(Self { inner })
+        let endpoint_url = Url::parse(endpoint.trim_end_matches('/'))
+            .map_err(|e| VfsError::Io(format!("Invalid S3 endpoint URL: {}", e)))?;
+
+        let bucket = Bucket::new(
+            endpoint_url,
+            UrlStyle::Path,
+            bucket_name.to_string(),
+            region.to_string(),
+        ).map_err(|e| VfsError::Io(format!("Failed to create S3 bucket config: {}", e)))?;
+
+        let credentials = Credentials::new(access_key, secret_key);
+        let client = Client::new();
+
+        Ok(Self { bucket, credentials, client })
+    }
+
+    fn path_to_key(path: &Path) -> String {
+        let s = path.to_string_lossy();
+        s.strip_prefix('/').unwrap_or(&s).to_string()
+    }
+
+    async fn head_object(&self, key: &str) -> Result<(u64, std::time::SystemTime, String), VfsError> {
+        let action = actions::HeadObject::new(&self.bucket, Some(&self.credentials), key);
+        let url = action.sign(Duration::from_secs(3600));
+
+        let resp = self.client
+            .head(url.as_str())
+            .send()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| VfsError::Io(format!("S3 HEAD failed: {}", e)))?;
+
+        let status = resp.status();
+        if status == 404 {
+            return Err(VfsError::NotFound(key.to_string()));
+        }
+        if !status.is_success() {
+            return Err(VfsError::Io(format!("HeadObject returned {}", status)));
+        }
+
+        let content_len: u64 = resp
+            .headers()
+            .get("Content-Length")
+            .and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok())
+            .and_then(|v| v.parse().ok())
+            .unwrap_or(0);
+
+        let last_modified = parse_last_modified(
+            resp.headers()
+                .get("Last-Modified")
+                .and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok())
+        );
+
+        let etag = resp
+            .headers()
+            .get("ETag")
+            .and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok())
+            .map(|s| s.replace('"', ""))
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+
+        Ok((content_len, last_modified, etag))
+    }
+
+    async fn get_object(&self, key: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>, VfsError> {
+        let action = actions::GetObject::new(&self.bucket, Some(&self.credentials), key);
+        let url = action.sign(Duration::from_secs(3600));
+
+        let resp = self.client
+            .get(url.as_str())
+            .send()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| VfsError::Io(format!("S3 GET failed: {}", e)))?;
+
+        let status = resp.status();
+        if status == 404 {
+            return Err(VfsError::NotFound(key.to_string()));
+        }
+        if !status.is_success() {
+            return Err(VfsError::Io(format!("GetObject returned {}", status)));
+        }
+
+        let bytes = resp.bytes().await
+            .map_err(|e| VfsError::Io(format!("Failed to read response body: {}", e)))?;
+
+        Ok(bytes.to_vec())
+    }
+
+    async fn put_object(&self, key: &str, data: &[u8]) -> Result<String, VfsError> {
+        let action = actions::PutObject::new(&self.bucket, Some(&self.credentials), key);
+        let url = action.sign(Duration::from_secs(3600));
+
+        let resp = self.client
+            .put(url.as_str())
+            .body(data.to_vec())
+            .send()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| VfsError::Io(format!("S3 PUT failed: {}", e)))?;
+
+        if !resp.status().is_success() {
+            return Err(VfsError::Io(format!("PutObject returned {}", resp.status())));
+        }
+
+        let etag = resp
+            .headers()
+            .get("ETag")
+            .and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok())
+            .map(|s| s.replace('"', ""))
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+
+        Ok(etag)
+    }
+
+    async fn delete_object(&self, key: &str) -> Result<(), VfsError> {
+        let action = actions::DeleteObject::new(&self.bucket, Some(&self.credentials), key);
+        let url = action.sign(Duration::from_secs(3600));
+
+        let resp = self.client
+            .delete(url.as_str())
+            .send()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| VfsError::Io(format!("S3 DELETE failed: {}", e)))?;
+
+        if !resp.status().is_success() {
+            return Err(VfsError::Io(format!("DeleteObject returned {}", resp.status())));
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn list_objects(&self, prefix: &str) -> Result<Vec<VfsDirEntry>, VfsError> {
+        let mut action = actions::ListObjectsV2::new(&self.bucket, Some(&self.credentials));
+        if !prefix.is_empty() {
+            action.with_prefix(prefix);
+        }
+        action.with_delimiter("/");
+
+        let url = action.sign(Duration::from_secs(3600));
+
+        let resp = self.client
+            .get(url.as_str())
+            .send()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| VfsError::Io(format!("S3 LIST failed: {}", e)))?;
+
+        if !resp.status().is_success() {
+            return Err(VfsError::Io(format!("ListObjectsV2 returned {}", resp.status())));
+        }
+
+        let body = resp.text().await
+            .map_err(|e| VfsError::Io(format!("Failed to read LIST response: {}", e)))?;
+
+        // Use rusty-s3's built-in parser
+        let list_response = actions::ListObjectsV2::parse_response(&body)
+            .map_err(|e| VfsError::Io(format!("Failed to parse LIST response: {}", e)))?;
+
+        // Convert to VfsDirEntry
+        let mut entries = Vec::new();
+        for obj in list_response.contents {
+            let name = obj.key.strip_prefix(prefix).unwrap_or(&obj.key).to_string();
+            entries.push(VfsDirEntry {
+                name,
+                long_name: obj.key.clone(),
+                stat: VfsStat {
+                    size: obj.size as u64,
+                    mode: 0o644,
+                    uid: 0,
+                    gid: 0,
+                    atime: std::time::SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH,
+                    mtime: std::time::SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH,
+                    is_dir: false,
+                    is_symlink: false,
+                },
+            });
+        }
+        for prefix_elem in list_response.common_prefixes {
+            let name = prefix_elem.prefix.strip_prefix(prefix).unwrap_or(&prefix_elem.prefix).trim_end_matches('/').to_string();
+            entries.push(VfsDirEntry {
+                name,
+                long_name: prefix_elem.prefix.clone(),
+                stat: VfsStat {
+                    size: 0,
+                    mode: 0o755,
+                    uid: 0,
+                    gid: 0,
+                    atime: std::time::SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH,
+                    mtime: std::time::SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH,
+                    is_dir: true,
+                    is_symlink: false,
+                },
+            });
+        }
+
+        Ok(entries)
     }
 }
 
 impl Clone for AsyncS3Vfs {
     fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-        Self { inner: self.inner.clone() }
+        Self {
+            bucket: self.bucket.clone(),
+            credentials: self.credentials.clone(),
+            client: self.client.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsyncS3File {
+    pub async fn new_read(vfs: AsyncS3Vfs, key: String) -> Result<Self, VfsError> {
+        let (size, mtime, _) = vfs.head_object(&key).await?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            inner: Arc::new(Mutex::new(AsyncS3FileState {
+                key,
+                mode: FileMode::Read,
+                position: 0,
+                size,
+                data: Vec::new(),
+                write_buffer: Vec::new(),
+                mtime,
+            })),
+            vfs,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_write(vfs: AsyncS3Vfs, key: String) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: Arc::new(Mutex::new(AsyncS3FileState {
+                key,
+                mode: FileMode::Write,
+                position: 0,
+                size: 0,
+                data: Vec::new(),
+                write_buffer: Vec::new(),
+                mtime: std::time::SystemTime::now(),
+            })),
+            vfs,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl super::AsyncVfsFile for AsyncS3File {
+    fn read<'a>(&'a mut self, buf: &'a mut [u8]) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<usize, VfsError>> + Send + 'a>> {
+        let inner = self.inner.clone();
+        let vfs = self.vfs.clone();
+        Box::pin(async move {
+            let mut state = inner.lock().await;
+
+            if state.position >= state.size {
+                return Ok(0);
+            }
+
+            if state.data.is_empty() {
+                let key = state.key.clone();
+                state.data = vfs.get_object(&key).await?;
+            }
+
+            let remaining = state.size - state.position;
+            let to_read = buf.len().min(remaining as usize);
+            let start = state.position as usize;
+            let end = start + to_read;
+
+            buf[..to_read].copy_from_slice(&state.data[start..end]);
+            state.position += to_read as u64;
+
+            Ok(to_read)
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn write<'a>(&'a mut self, buf: &'a [u8]) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<usize, VfsError>> + Send + 'a>> {
+        let inner = self.inner.clone();
+        Box::pin(async move {
+            let mut state = inner.lock().await;
+            state.write_buffer.extend_from_slice(buf);
+            Ok(buf.len())
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn seek<'a>(&'a mut self, pos: SeekFrom) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<u64, VfsError>> + Send + 'a>> {
+        let inner = self.inner.clone();
+        Box::pin(async move {
+            let mut state = inner.lock().await;
+            let new_pos = match pos {
+                SeekFrom::Start(offset) => offset,
+                SeekFrom::Current(offset) => {
+                    ((state.position as i64) + offset).max(0) as u64
+                }
+                SeekFrom::End(offset) => {
+                    ((state.size as i64) + offset).max(0) as u64
+                }
+            };
+            state.position = new_pos.min(state.size);
+            Ok(state.position)
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn flush<'a>(&'a mut self) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<(), VfsError>> + Send + 'a>> {
+        let inner = self.inner.clone();
+        let vfs = self.vfs.clone();
+        Box::pin(async move {
+            let mut state = inner.lock().await;
+            if !state.write_buffer.is_empty() {
+                let key = state.key.clone();
+                let data = state.write_buffer.clone();
+                vfs.put_object(&key, &data).await?;
+                state.write_buffer.clear();
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -182,88 +362,93 @@ impl super::AsyncVfsBackend for AsyncS3Vfs {
     }
 
     fn read_dir<'a>(&'a self, path: &'a Path) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<Vec<VfsDirEntry>, VfsError>> + Send + 'a>> {
-        let inner = self.inner.clone();
-        let path_buf = path.to_path_buf();
+        let prefix = Self::path_to_key(path);
         Box::pin(async move {
-            spawn_blocking(move || {
-                VfsBackend::read_dir(&inner, &path_buf)
-            }).await.map_err(|_| VfsError::Io("spawn_blocking failed".to_string()))?
+            self.list_objects(&prefix).await
         })
     }
 
     fn open_file<'a>(&'a self, path: &'a Path, flags: &'a OpenFlags) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<Box<dyn super::AsyncVfsFile>, VfsError>> + Send + 'a>> {
-        let inner = self.inner.clone();
-        let path_buf = path.to_path_buf();
+        let key = Self::path_to_key(path);
+        let vfs = self.clone();
         let is_write = flags.write;
         Box::pin(async move {
-            let key = path_buf.to_string_lossy().to_string();
             if is_write {
-                Ok(Box::new(AsyncS3File::new_write(inner, key)) as Box<dyn super::AsyncVfsFile>)
+                Ok(Box::new(AsyncS3File::new_write(vfs, key)) as Box<dyn super::AsyncVfsFile>)
             } else {
-                let file = AsyncS3File::new_read(inner, key).await?;
+                let file = AsyncS3File::new_read(vfs, key).await?;
                 Ok(Box::new(file) as Box<dyn super::AsyncVfsFile>)
             }
         })
     }
 
     fn stat<'a>(&'a self, path: &'a Path) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<VfsStat, VfsError>> + Send + 'a>> {
-        let inner = self.inner.clone();
-        let path_buf = path.to_path_buf();
+        let key = Self::path_to_key(path);
         Box::pin(async move {
-            spawn_blocking(move || {
-                VfsBackend::stat(&inner, &path_buf)
-            }).await.map_err(|_| VfsError::Io("spawn_blocking failed".to_string()))?
+            let (size, mtime, _) = self.head_object(&key).await?;
+            Ok(VfsStat {
+                size,
+                mode: 0o644,
+                uid: 0,
+                gid: 0,
+                atime: mtime,
+                mtime,
+                is_dir: false,
+                is_symlink: false,
+            })
         })
     }
 
     fn create_dir<'a>(&'a self, path: &'a Path, _mode: u32) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<(), VfsError>> + Send + 'a>> {
-        let inner = self.inner.clone();
-        let path_buf = path.to_path_buf();
+        let key = Self::path_to_key(path);
+        if !key.ends_with('/') {
+            let key = format!("{}/", key);
+        }
         Box::pin(async move {
-            spawn_blocking(move || {
-                VfsBackend::create_dir(&inner, &path_buf, 0o755)
-            }).await.map_err(|_| VfsError::Io("spawn_blocking failed".to_string()))?
+            self.put_object(&key, &[]).await?;
+            Ok(())
         })
     }
 
     fn remove_dir<'a>(&'a self, path: &'a Path) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<(), VfsError>> + Send + 'a>> {
-        let inner = self.inner.clone();
-        let path_buf = path.to_path_buf();
+        let key = Self::path_to_key(path);
+        let key = if key.ends_with('/') { key } else { format!("{}/", key) };
         Box::pin(async move {
-            spawn_blocking(move || {
-                VfsBackend::remove_dir(&inner, &path_buf)
-            }).await.map_err(|_| VfsError::Io("spawn_blocking failed".to_string()))?
+            self.delete_object(&key).await?;
+            Ok(())
         })
     }
 
     fn remove_file<'a>(&'a self, path: &'a Path) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<(), VfsError>> + Send + 'a>> {
-        let inner = self.inner.clone();
-        let path_buf = path.to_path_buf();
+        let key = Self::path_to_key(path);
         Box::pin(async move {
-            spawn_blocking(move || {
-                VfsBackend::remove_file(&inner, &path_buf)
-            }).await.map_err(|_| VfsError::Io("spawn_blocking failed".to_string()))?
+            self.delete_object(&key).await?;
+            Ok(())
         })
     }
 
     fn rename<'a>(&'a self, from: &'a Path, to: &'a Path) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<(), VfsError>> + Send + 'a>> {
-        let inner = self.inner.clone();
-        let from_buf = from.to_path_buf();
-        let to_buf = to.to_path_buf();
+        let from_key = Self::path_to_key(from);
+        let to_key = Self::path_to_key(to);
         Box::pin(async move {
-            spawn_blocking(move || {
-                VfsBackend::rename(&inner, &from_buf, &to_buf)
-            }).await.map_err(|_| VfsError::Io("spawn_blocking failed".to_string()))?
+            let data = self.get_object(&from_key).await?;
+            self.put_object(&to_key, &data).await?;
+            self.delete_object(&from_key).await?;
+            Ok(())
         })
     }
 
     fn exists<'a>(&'a self, path: &'a Path) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = bool> + Send + 'a>> {
-        let inner = self.inner.clone();
-        let path_buf = path.to_path_buf();
+        let key = Self::path_to_key(path);
         Box::pin(async move {
-            spawn_blocking(move || {
-                VfsBackend::exists(&inner, &path_buf)
-            }).await.unwrap_or(false)
+            self.head_object(&key).await.is_ok()
         })
     }
+}
+
+fn parse_last_modified(header: Option<&str>) -> std::time::SystemTime {
+    header
+        .and_then(|s| chrono::DateTime::parse_from_rfc2822(s).ok())
+        .map(|dt| std::time::SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH + std::time::Duration::from_secs(dt.timestamp() as u64))
+        .unwrap_or(std::time::SystemTime::now())
 }
\ No newline at end of file